Hayden White, "The Burden of History"

 

Hayden White’s essay “The Burden of History” explores the declining relevance of history in modern times. He argues that historians often avoid criticism by claiming history is both art and science, depending on the critic. When criticized by scientists, they say history is artistic and subjective. But when literary critics challenge them, they call it scientific and objective. This tactic once helped history hold a middle ground between art and science, but it now seems outdated.

White believes historians have isolated themselves by resisting developments in literature, science, and philosophy. Many historians ignore how both art and science have evolved, especially the idea that all knowledge, including history, is constructed. This realization undermines the old belief that history stands apart from or unites art and science. Instead, modern thinkers suggest that history, like other fields, is shaped by the perspectives and assumptions of those who write it.

He also notes that modern artists and writers often criticize the historical mindset. They see it as a burden that limits creativity and keeps people trapped in the past. For example, in literature and drama, historians are often portrayed as out-of-touch, rigid, or emotionally detached. Writers like Nietzsche, Ibsen, and Gide believed history hindered true understanding of the present and human emotion. They felt it made people feel like everything meaningful had already happened, leaving no room for new inspiration.

After the World Wars, many lost faith in history. They felt historians failed to prevent catastrophe or make sense of it afterward. Writers like Paul Valéry argued that history could justify anything and taught nothing. This skepticism led to a widespread cultural shift. People began seeing history not as a guide, but as a weight holding them back from facing current realities.

White suggests that for history to remain relevant, historians must change their approach. They should stop seeing the past as a static collection of facts and start using it to engage with present challenges. This means borrowing ideas and methods from contemporary science and art, which embrace creativity, uncertainty, and multiple perspectives.

He also calls for new forms of historical writing. Instead of just telling chronological stories, historians could explore more imaginative, experimental ways of presenting the past—just as modern artists have with form and style. For example, thinkers like Burckhardt and Norman O. Brown have used innovative methods to show how history can still reveal important truths when approached differently.

Ultimately, White urges historians to reflect deeply on their role. History should not simply preserve the past; it should help people understand the present and imagine better futures. To do that, historians must rethink their methods, embrace creativity, and join the broader intellectual conversation of their time.