Liz Stanley's "Feminist Praxis:Research, Theory and Epistemology in Feminist Sociology" (Book Note)

 

 

The central aim of this book is to provide detailed analyses of specific examples of feminist research, illustrating how feminist epistemology translates into tangible research practices. Indeed, the book offers comprehensive accounts of research projects spanning various domains, including colonialism, social work, LGBTQ+ issues, and cultural icons like Elvis Presley and Marilyn Monroe.

 

Denise Farran's contribution highlights the nuanced nature of research methodologies, demonstrating how both statistical analysis and qualitative approaches construct partial representations of reality. Farran emphasizes the subjective nature of research methods, acknowledging that each approach offers a distinct perspective on the phenomenon under study.

 

Anne Pugh further explores the complexities of research methodology, contending that while statistics are often deemed as more legitimate representations of reality, they require oversight to prevent misuse. Pugh argues that statistics, like any research tool, can be influenced by the biases and subjectivities of the researchers involved.

 

Other researchers delve into the notion of objectivity in research, arguing that true objectivity is unattainable and that researchers inevitably bring their own subjectivity to the research process. This perspective underscores the importance of transparency and reflexivity in research practice, encouraging researchers to acknowledge their own biases and the ways in which they shape their findings.

 

Vivienne Griffiths offers a unique approach to research participation, describing how dramatic role-plays can enable adolescent girls to engage with experiences rather than merely conceptualize them abstractly. This methodological innovation highlights the importance of incorporating diverse and participatory approaches to research, allowing marginalized voices to be heard and understood within academic discourse.

 

The book presents a collection of feminist research projects, emphasizing their utility as flexible guidelines rather than rigid prescriptions. However, beneath this seemingly egalitarian approach, there exists an implicit hierarchy that favors qualitative research over quantitative statistics, encourages the embrace of subjectivity over the pursuit of objectivity, and privileges experiential knowledge over abstract reconstructions. These tendencies raise questions about whether they stem from a genuine feminist epistemology or simply reflect broader sociological critiques of positivism.

 

In the first two chapters, Liz Stanley and Sue Wise endeavor to outline a feminist epistemology, although this section of the book is met with dissatisfaction and echoes concerns from their earlier works. Stanley introduces a convoluted analogy regarding the academic mode of production, illustrating the multifaceted roles of students as commodities, raw materials, or co-producers. Through a critique of western dualism, she contends that feminists view knowers and the known as inseparable entities, with objectivity consisting of intellectual practices that separate individuals from knowledge of their own subjectivity. This perspective implies that all understandings of the world are grounded and contextually specific, challenging the notion of a singular, objective truth.

 

However, Stanley and Wise's argument leads to a paradox: if knowledge is inherently subjective and context-dependent, then the knowledge produced by researchers cannot be equated with the knowledge possessed by the subjects of their research. This suggests a fundamental disjunction between academic knowledge and lived experience. Yet, the authors hesitate to assert the superiority of sociologists' knowledge over that of laypeople, fearing accusations of intellectual elitism. Nonetheless, they imply that sociological training equips individuals to engage with certain tasks more effectively, thereby tacitly endorsing the utility of academic expertise.

 

This reluctance to fully embrace the epistemological implications of their argument reflects a broader ambivalence within feminist scholarship. On one hand, feminists seek to challenge traditional hierarchies of knowledge and empower marginalized voices. On the other hand, they recognize the value of expertise and specialization, particularly within academic disciplines like sociology. This tension underscores the complex relationship between feminist theory and academic practice, as scholars grapple with the inherent limitations of both subjective experience and disciplinary expertise.

Marianne A FerberJulie A Nelson (ed.), "Feminist Economics Today:Beyond Economic Man" (Book Note)

 

The feminist economics project has made significant strides. This progress is particularly notable as feminist economics has transitioned from mere critique to establishing the groundwork for a burgeoning paradigm shift within the discipline. The latest volume, curated by editors Marianne Ferber and Julie Nelson, features eight chapters that encapsulate the trajectory of feminist economic research in recent years.

One noteworthy contribution comes from Paula England, who revisits and updates her seminal work on the concept of the "separative self" originally discussed in "Beyond Economic Man" (1993). England not only critiques traditional notions of the self but also explores newer perspectives on the "soluable self." She directs attention to emerging literature within economics that challenges the dichotomous view of the self, offering insights into three key research streams: household bargaining models, endogenous taste formation, and the study of care work. This demonstrates a shift towards more nuanced understandings of human behavior within economic frameworks.

 

In a subsequent chapter co-authored with Nancy Folbre, England delves deeper into the analysis of care economics, bridging feminist theories with new institutionalist approaches. Their exploration draws inspiration from the institutionalism of Karl Polanyi, presenting a framework that reframes care as a central component of economic systems rather than a peripheral concern. This approach not only enriches economic analysis but also underscores the importance of care in shaping societal structures and relationships.

 

Another notable contribution comes from Lourdes Benerìa, who offers a critical examination of mainstream development policies while proposing an alternative framework for analyzing globalization. By drawing upon Polanyi's institutionalist perspective, Benerìa sheds light on the social and economic implications of globalization, particularly for marginalized communities. Her work highlights the interconnectedness of economic, social, and political systems, emphasizing the need for holistic approaches to understanding and addressing global challenges.

 

 

Lisa Saunders and William Darity, Jr. contribute a pivotal chapter that scrutinizes the evolving dynamics of race-ethnicity as a social construct and its intricate interplay with gender. Their analysis underscores the significant strides made since the publication of "Beyond Economic Man," particularly in elucidating a multifaceted, interdisciplinary understanding of racial discrimination. This nuanced approach reflects a maturation in scholarship, characterized by a transdisciplinary lens that acknowledges the complex intersections of race, ethnicity, and gender.

 

For those unacquainted with the origins and tenets of postcolonial thought, S. Charusheela and Eiman Zein-Elabdin offer an invaluable primer in their chapter titled “Feminism, Postcolonial Thought, and Economics.” This chapter serves as an essential resource, providing readers with a comprehensive overview of postcolonial theory and its implications for feminist economics. By elucidating the connections between colonial legacies, gender oppression, and economic structures, the authors lay the groundwork for a more inclusive and culturally informed economic discourse.

 

Julie Nelson ventures into uncharted territory with her innovative exploration of the "black box" of the firm. In her chapter, she delves into the realms of business, organizational behavior, and ethics, challenging conventional economic assumptions regarding the nature of firms and markets. Nelson's inquiry goes beyond mere critique; she meticulously examines the relational dynamics within firms, questioning the pervasive notion of firms as strictly separative entities. Drawing on insights from management studies, organizational behavior, law, economic sociology, and business ethics, Nelson proposes an alternative theoretical framework for understanding firm agency.

 

Central to Nelson's analysis is the acknowledgment that firms are not monolithic entities driven solely by profit maximization. Instead, she emphasizes the inherent complexity and fluidity of firm behavior, advocating for a "mushier" approach that recognizes the diverse motivations and relationships shaping organizational dynamics. By integrating perspectives from multiple disciplines, Nelson offers a more holistic understanding of firm behavior, one that transcends traditional economic paradigms and embraces the complexities of real-world business practices.

Sneja Gunew and Anna Yeatman (ed.), "Feminism and the Politics of Difference" (Book Note)

 

The process of building coalitions around common issues and objectives is intricate and delicate, often leading to the emergence of serious differences as the coalition encounters itself through its grassroots membership. What once appeared as clear common ground can quickly become a murky and dangerous terrain, fraught with divergent interpretations, symbols, and meanings. These differences go beyond mere semantics; they are rooted in the diverse identities and experiences of marginalization within the group itself. Even individuals who belong to the same marginalized group may have vastly different lived experiences and perspectives.

 

While seekers of progressive social change may share a unifying vision of a society that embraces and celebrates difference through non-hegemonic and inclusive structures, this vision can become tarnished in the face of polarizing debates and painful exchanges. Alienation sets in, prompting some to eagerly escape or retreat from the movement. However, even in their alienation, individuals are uniquely wounded and vary in their resources and abilities to recover.

 

It is essential to recognize that differences themselves are not inherently divisive. Divisions only become problematic when they are disavowed or left unexamined, particularly within social change movements like feminism. In recognition of this challenge, the editors of "Feminism and the Politics of Difference," Sneja Gunew and Anna Yeatman, have curated a collection of thoughtful essays from a multidisciplinary group of internationally based feminists.

 

Gunew and Yeatman's volume offers women valuable insights, creative concepts, and analytical tools to navigate their differences and collaborate effectively towards feminist social change. Drawing from poststructuralist critical theory, including deconstruction, psychoanalysis, and postmodernism, along with postcolonialism, the editors aim to deconstruct power structures that perpetuate binary oppositions and marginalize alterity.

 

They critique prevailing modes of thinking that perpetuate homogenizing and universalist logic, which privileges certain groups while excluding others. Such thinking, they argue, upholds traditional power structures and fails to challenge the underlying dynamics that sustain inequality. By challenging these entrenched paradigms, Gunew and Yeatman advocate for a more inclusive and nuanced approach to feminism—one that embraces difference and resists the temptation to replicate existing power structures.

 

Central to their argument is the recognition that feminist solidarity cannot be achieved through the mere inversion of power dynamics. Rather, it requires a fundamental reimagining of social relations and a commitment to dismantling hierarchies that marginalize certain voices within the movement. This entails creating space for diverse perspectives and experiences to be heard and valued, even when they diverge from the mainstream narrative.

 

Gunew and Yeatman's exploration of the politics of difference challenges traditional approaches to identity politics by advocating for the recognition and affirmation of diverse perspectives as "incommensurabilities." Through their anthology, they highlight the complexities and dangers inherent in navigating various themes across gender, culture, time, and place. By presenting a quilt of topics ranging from anti-racist politics in Canadian feminist publishing to the experiences of Chicanas traversing the Texas-US Southwest/Mexico border, the anthology offers a jarring display of difference that transcends simplistic binaries.

 

The authors in the anthology strive to move beyond identity politics, which often construct binary oppositions between self and other, thereby limiting the possibilities for genuine engagement with difference. Instead, they emphasize the importance of analyzing the constructions and dynamics of race and ethnicity, while also recognizing the necessity of opening spaces for excluded groups without resorting to tokenism or appropriation. Moreover, they caution against the temptation to represent or designate differences in a superficial manner, as this can lead to essentializing and reductive portrayals of marginalized groups.

 

One recurring theme in the anthology is the danger of reducing complex identities and experiences to simplistic categories or stereotypes. The authors emphasize the need to resist the impulse to identify representatives of particular groups, as this can perpetuate harmful stereotypes and homogenize diverse experiences. Instead, they advocate for a more nuanced and intersectional approach that acknowledges the multiplicity of identities and experiences within marginalized communities.

 

Furthermore, the anthology underscores the importance of genuine solidarity that goes beyond mere symbolic gestures or performative acts of allyship. Rather than appropriating the experiences or identities of others, the authors urge readers to engage in meaningful dialogue and mutual learning, recognizing that true solidarity requires active listening, empathy, and a willingness to challenge one's own assumptions and biases.

 

At its core, the anthology serves as a reminder of the richness and complexity of human experience, and the importance of embracing difference as a source of strength and resilience. By celebrating the diversity of perspectives and voices represented in the anthology, Gunew and Yeatman invite readers to reflect critically on their own understandings of identity, power, and privilege, and to work towards building more inclusive and equitable societies.

 

The exploration of authenticity within the anthology extends beyond individual identities to encompass the ways in which authenticity is projected onto others. By emphasizing the need to shore up or justify existing structures, there is a risk of limiting the possibilities for embracing difference. When differences are segregated into rigid categories of authentic and inauthentic, the potential for subversion and liberation becomes obscured. Structures lose their fluidity and permeability, hindering the exploration of alternative perspectives and challenging the status quo.

 

One area of examination within the anthology is the burden of authenticity placed upon marginalized individuals and groups. The pressure to conform to predetermined notions of authenticity can stifle creativity and innovation, reinforcing existing power dynamics and perpetuating marginalization. By interrogating the processes of legitimation and authorization, the authors seek to uncover the mechanisms by which certain voices are privileged while others are marginalized. This includes an analysis of access to resources such as language, print media, and the arts, which can either amplify or silence marginalized perspectives.

 

Grounded in the messy realities of women's political experiences, the anthology's theoretical perspectives offer valuable insights into the complexities of navigating difference within feminist discourse. While the authors' insights may be perceived as scattered gems, they provide readers with a nuanced understanding of the challenges and opportunities inherent in addressing issues of authenticity and legitimacy. Readers who appreciate poststructuralist discourse and its playful approach to deconstruction will find much to engage with in the anthology's theoretical framework.

 

However, for readers who prefer more direct and concrete narratives about the politics of difference in feminist activism, the anthology may still offer satisfaction. Through its exploration of various themes and perspectives, the anthology invites readers to critically reflect on their own understandings of authenticity, legitimacy, and power dynamics within feminist movements. By embracing the complexities of difference and resisting the urge to essentialize identities, the anthology encourages readers to challenge dominant narratives and advocate for more inclusive and equitable social change.

Carol Thomas's "Female Forms: Experiencing and Understanding Disability" (Book Note)

 

 

In her book, Carol Thomas, a disabled woman and medical sociologist deeply committed to both disability and feminist studies, offers a thorough and thoughtful critique of the social model of disability. While the book is part of a series dedicated to disseminating views of the social model, Thomas takes the opportunity to challenge some of its fundamental principles. Drawing from her personal experiences as well as her academic expertise, Thomas divides her work into three sections, each building from current discussions in disability and feminist studies towards her own synthesis of relevant issues.

 

The book's style, heavily referenced and peppered with lengthy original quotes, is designed to appeal to readers new to disability studies, providing a comprehensive background on key writers and concepts. However, some readers may find this style detracts from Thomas's own arguments, which occasionally seem overshadowed by the exhaustive consideration of other viewpoints. Nonetheless, Thomas's perseverance in articulating her perspectives is rewarded with compelling and well-argued paradigms.

 

In Part One, titled 'Defining Disability,' Thomas embarks on a lengthy exploration of the history of the social model, particularly focusing on the definition put forth by the Union of the Physically Impaired Against Segregation (UPIAS). She delves into the reasons behind the perceived discord between social modelists and medical sociologists, highlighting the latter's adherence to the International Classification of Impairment, Disability, and Handicaps (ICIDH) model—a framework often dismissed by their counterparts. Thomas uses this discord as a lens to deconstruct the social model, identifying two intertwined strands within it: the social relational definition and the property definition.

 

The social relational definition posits that disability stems from the social imposition of restrictions on people with impairments, emphasizing unequal power dynamics. On the other hand, the property definition, reminiscent of the ICIDH model, acknowledges the role of social factors in causing activity restrictions but also leaves room for considering non-social causes of disablism. Thomas argues that this latter definition allows for a more nuanced understanding of disability, encompassing psycho-emotional aspects often overlooked by traditional social modelists.

 

Thomas critiques social modelists for neglecting the cultural dimensions of disability, particularly the role of negative internal messages in constraining individuals' activities. She proposes a modified definition of disability that incorporates both social imposition of restrictions and the socio-cultural undermining of psycho-emotional well-being. In her view, disability is a form of social oppression that encompasses both external barriers and internalized prejudices.

In Part Two of her book, titled 'Female Forms,' Carol Thomas extends her exploration of the psychoemotional dimensions of disability within the framework of feminist scholarship. While feminist writers often emphasize the significance of personal experience in understanding social phenomena, social modelists tend to be critical of this approach, doubting its efficacy in driving social change. However, Thomas, drawing from personal testimonials, makes a compelling case for the importance of personal narratives in both comprehending disability experiences and catalyzing efforts for societal transformation.

 

One significant aspect of Thomas's analysis is her observation that mainstream feminist discourse has largely overlooked the perspectives of disabled women. Consequently, there appears to be a disconnect between the priorities and concerns of disabled women and those of mainstream feminism. Thomas underscores that disabled women's perspectives are diverse and multifaceted, defying any simplistic categorization. While she acknowledges disagreement with certain viewpoints within disabled women's literature, she maintains that the methodologies developed within feminist scholarship could serve to enrich and broaden the discourse within disability studies.

 

Thomas's engagement with the intersection of feminist and disability scholarship reveals tensions as well as opportunities for collaboration. On one hand, she acknowledges the limitations of mainstream feminist discourse in adequately addressing the experiences and concerns of disabled women. This oversight perpetuates marginalization and reinforces the invisibility of disabled women within broader feminist movements. However, Thomas also highlights the potential for synergy between feminist and disability scholarship, particularly in the realm of methodology.

 

By advocating for the incorporation of feminist research methods, such as intersectionality and standpoint theory, into disability studies, Thomas suggests a way forward for bridging the gap between these two fields. These methods offer a framework for understanding the complex interplay of gender, disability, and other intersecting identities, thereby enriching our comprehension of diverse experiences within the disabled community.

In Part Three of her book, titled 'Understanding Disability,' Carol Thomas delves into theoretical concepts surrounding disability and impairment, tracing the historical and political evolution of contemporary perspectives. Through a succinct and insightful examination, Thomas provides a valuable reference point for readers seeking to navigate the complexities of disability studies. She ultimately concludes that a significant gap persists between materialist and post-modernist views within the field, highlighting the challenges of synthesizing socio-structural, cultural, and experiential dimensions of disability.

 

Thomas's analysis underscores the need for a more inclusive and nuanced approach to disability studies—one that embraces a diversity of theoretical perspectives. She argues that the incorporation of multiple viewpoints would not only enrich the field but also foster greater understanding of the complex dynamics shaping disability experiences. Thomas advocates for the acceptance of a variety of theoretical frameworks within disability studies, rejecting the notion that a single approach can adequately capture the multifaceted nature of disability.

 

In her assessment, Thomas contends that a non-reductionist materialist feminism holds promise as a theoretical framework for understanding and explaining disability, impairment, and their gendered dimensions. By acknowledging the interconnectedness of socio-structural, cultural, and experiential factors, this approach offers a more holistic understanding of disability that transcends narrow disciplinary boundaries.

 

However, Thomas acknowledges the inherent challenges of reconciling diverse theoretical perspectives within disability studies. She recognizes the limitations of attempting to synthesize conflicting viewpoints, expressing skepticism about the feasibility of achieving a comprehensive theoretical framework. Nonetheless, she maintains that embracing theoretical diversity can strengthen the field by fostering dialogue and collaboration among scholars with differing perspectives.

 

Returning to her own position as a disabled feminist, writer in disability studies, and medical sociologist, Thomas grapples with the dilemma of reconciling these distinct identities and perspectives. She acknowledges her vested interest in bridging the gaps between these groups and seeks to identify common ground that can facilitate dialogue and cooperation.

 

In this context, Thomas revisits the social relational model as a potential framework for achieving a truce between conflicting theoretical perspectives. By emphasizing the interconnectedness of social relations and disability experiences, this model offers a pathway towards greater understanding and collaboration within the field of disability studies.

Shelley Tremain (ed)'s "Foucault and the Government of Disability" (Book Note)

Foucault and the Government of Disability offers a compelling exploration of Foucault's work, particularly his concepts of bio-power and governmentality, and their relevance to understanding disability experiences. Tremain adeptly introduces these concepts, highlighting how bio-power differs from traditional forms of power and operates through productive constraints, allowing individuals to act while simultaneously constraining them. She emphasizes the role of liberalism in perpetuating these normalizing strategies, framing them as a form of governmentality that shapes societal institutions, norms, and individual behaviors.

 

Through engaging chapters, the authors delve into the ways in which disabled individuals navigate and resist the effects of bio-power. They illustrate how disability becomes entwined with broader discourses, including legal and welfare systems, notions of citizenship, patriarchy, and colonialism. Importantly, the book sheds light on how violence can emerge not as a result of overt coercion, but rather as a consequence of the normalization of certain abilities and identities, which in turn define notions of humanity and citizenship.

Part I of the book delves into the multifaceted nature of epistemologies and ontologies, expanding beyond mere theoretical concepts to encompass lived experiences, practices, and subjectivities. Sullivan's examination of a center for paraplegics reveals how individuals are shaped by medical and moral discourses, striving to embody the ideal of the "self-caring para." Similarly, Yates explores power dynamics in a care service, where individuals navigate a complex web of expectations and prohibitions, experiencing both compliance and resistance.

 

These chapters highlight the pervasive influence of normalizing strategies, which extend beyond isolated incidents of "poor practice" to shape broader societal discourses. Erevelles' analysis of court scenarios spanning a century underscores the ongoing quest to define and categorize individuals as "free" and "autonomous" subjects, with implications for assigning culpability. The contested nature of the autism label further exemplifies how categories are constructed and perpetuated, influencing educational programs and societal perceptions.

 

Kumari Campbell's exploration delves into the dichotomy between the "free" and "autonomous" legal citizen and the marginalized "Other," whose existence challenges societal norms. Here, disability is positioned as supplementary to ability, reinforcing the binary opposition between normative and non-normative identities.

 

In Part II, titled 'Histories', the chapters elucidate the multifaceted nature of discourses surrounding disability, revealing their dynamic and evolving character. Carlson's exploration traces the transition from the nineteenth-century practice of institutionalizing individuals labeled as 'feebleminded' to the twentieth-century emphasis on measuring intelligence quotient (IQ). By highlighting the incoherence and consequences of such classification systems, Carlson challenges the notion of speaking on behalf of marginalized individuals.

 

Berger's historical analysis sheds light on the emergence of institutionalization during the Enlightenment era, noting its absence in earlier periods. Focusing on nineteenth-century institutions for deaf children in America, Berger underscores the intricate connections between architecture, scientific advancements, religious ideologies, and nationalistic discourses. These institutions served to produce compliant subjects deserving of charity, while some individuals resisted and continued to contribute to society in their own way.

 

Snigurowicz delves into the prohibition of exhibiting disabled individuals in nineteenth-century France, as medical discourse supplanted superstitious and religious beliefs. The shift from public spectacles to private spaces reflects the evolving legal and societal attitudes towards disability. Moreover, performers transitioned from showcasing their artistic talents to highlighting their self-made achievements, aligning with the emerging ethos of meritocracy.

 

n Part III, titled 'Governmentality', the analysis delves into the intricate relationship between individual autonomy and overarching societal practices, revealing that personal freedom is inherently intertwined with social dynamics. Waldschmidt explores the evolving landscape of human genetics, where new technologies and rationalities reframe individuals within categories of risk, posing potential threats to population security. The role of the genetic counselor shifts from offering advice to empowering individuals to make decisions within the context of perceived risks.

 

Simons and Masschelein shift the focus to education, advocating for inclusive practices that consider all stakeholders in a diverse democratic society. Rather than solely focusing on the inclusion of disabled children, they emphasize the importance of matching unique individuals with appropriate educational opportunities, with a strong emphasis on fostering participatory skills.

 

Drinkwater's examination of supported housing within the UK policy framework of Valuing People underscores the complex interplay between valuing individuals and subjectifying them within predetermined frameworks. Staff members, while ostensibly valuing the person, engage in practices that aim to shape behavior and integrate citizens into existing constitutional structures.

In Part IV, titled 'Ethics and Politics', authors offer critical perspectives on the exclusionary practices that persist in society despite legal requirements and successful lawsuits. Anderson's examination of American sports stadiums reveals how norms of normalcy and deviance are embedded in various aspects of stadium design and accessibility. Despite legal mandates, the physical layout, ticketing systems, and booking procedures perpetuate segregation between individuals perceived as normal and those deemed deviant.

 

Goggin and Newell explore the proliferation of telecommunications and media convergence, highlighting the persistent barriers to accessibility despite legal obligations. Instead of investing in comprehensive accessibility measures, successive laws have often favored superficial "add-on" technologies, further marginalizing disabled individuals.

 

Through these analyses, the workings of bio-power become evident, showcasing the subtle yet pervasive ways in which disabled people are excluded from mainstream society. Part IV also examines strategies of resistance and transgression in the face of oppressive norms and practices.

 

Allan proposes an ethical framework for inclusive education, emphasizing dialogue and self-reflection among both non-disabled and disabled students. Rather than fostering mere sympathy, the goal is to cultivate critical thinking skills and ethical awareness in all students.

 

In contrast, Morgan presents the fictional narrative of Gender DiMorph Utopia, which exposes the intricate interplay between intimate micro-practices and overarching societal structures. By challenging naturalizing theories that perpetuate patriarchal violence, the narrative seeks to amplify subjugated knowledges and disrupt dominant discourses, despite the risks of facing hostility and further marginalization.

 

In Part V, titled 'Disability and Governmentality in the Present', Peers offers a genealogical auto-ethnography that challenges the prevalent "supercrip" narrative. She recounts her experience of being trained to embody the image of an inspirational athlete, rejecting this docile subjectivity in favor of embracing the identity of the "revolting gimps" who resist societal norms. Peers argues against the notion that empowerment can be achieved through engagement with disciplinary practices, advocating instead for a radical reimagining of social change.

 

Similarly, McGuire draws parallels between the "war on autism" and the "war on terror" in the United States, highlighting the militaristic rhetoric and policies that frame disability advocacy as a threat. The militarization of disability discourse perpetuates a culture of fear and division, further marginalizing disabled individuals. McGuire's analysis underscores the dangers of adopting combative approaches to advocacy, which can inadvertently reinforce oppressive systems of power.

 

In the final two chapters, authors confront existential questions about the value of life and the ethics of assisted suicide for disabled individuals. Taylor explores the unrecognized violence and unexpected grief experienced by those with learning disabilities when their humanity is questioned. She calls for a suspension of universalizing judgments and a critical examination of the conditions that give rise to such debates. Kolarova interrogates the concept of a "good death" and its implications for disabled people, highlighting the underlying white supremacist rationality in the outsourcing of care services.

 

The book also engages with debates surrounding Foucault's work, particularly regarding the materiality of power and the body. Hughes critiques Foucault's perceived neglect of the material body in favor of a phenomenological approach that recognizes the body as both subject and object. He argues for an emancipatory conception of power in disability politics. Conversely, Allen contends that Foucault's work does address the body, emphasizing the social construction of both discourses and subjectivities. Goggin and Newell identify persistent forms of repressive power and challenge the notion that oppression lacks a central locus.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Colin Barnes & Geof Mercer's "Exploring Disability" (Book Note)

 

"Exploring Disability," authored by Colin Barnes and Geof Mercer, presents a significant contribution to the advancement of the social model of disability, offering a revised edition that aligns with contemporary international discourse and policy initiatives. The book reframes the experience of disability not as an individual affliction but as a product of social relationships, reflecting global efforts to promote the rights of persons with disabilities, such as the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and the European Disability Strategy 2010–2020.

 

With approximately one out of four EU citizens living with some form of disability, and nearly half of them being elderly, the book addresses a pressing societal issue. Despite increased attention to disability studies, there remains a need for further sociological discourse in this field. The second edition builds upon the foundations laid by its predecessor, published in 1999, to develop disability theory within a sociological framework. It traces the evolution of disability from a perceived personal tragedy to a socially constructed condition, providing an extensive review of pertinent literature in the field.

 

The book delves into the historical trajectory of disability in society and policy, with a particular focus on the British experience, while also drawing comparisons with the regulatory landscape and policies in the USA. The initial chapters (1–4) explore the historical development of disability in Western societies, emphasizing the role of grassroots movements and associations of people with disabilities in driving paradigm shifts. The analysis begins with Talcott Parsons' functionalist perspective on the "sick role," progresses to Erving Goffman's concept of "stigma," and culminates in a post-structuralist examination of illness narratives.

 

Throughout the text, Barnes and Mercer critically engage with key sociological theories and concepts to elucidate the complex dynamics of disability. They highlight the transformative impact of grassroots activism in challenging societal perceptions and advocating for systemic change. By contextualizing disability within broader sociological frameworks, the authors illuminate the multifaceted nature of disability as a social phenomenon shaped by historical, cultural, and political factors.

 

Moreover, the book offers insights into the regulatory landscape and policy developments surrounding disability, shedding light on the evolution of disability rights and inclusion efforts. By situating their analysis within both national and international contexts, Barnes and Mercer provide a comprehensive understanding of the complexities inherent in addressing disability within contemporary society.

 

The socio-historical perspective elucidated in "Exploring Disability" underscores the entrenched notion of disability as a "personal tragedy," perpetuated by a medical model that conflates impairment with disability. However, this perspective has been challenged by the emergence of the bio-psychosocial model of disability, which emphasizes the interaction between biological, psychological, and social factors. Central to this shift is the recognition of the exclusionary relationship between individuals with impairments and wider society.

 

The introduction of the social model of disability has catalyzed the development of diverse social theories, which illuminate structural barriers and personal experiences shaping disability. Moreover, there has been a resurgence of interest in the contributions of medical sociology and social sciences to the understanding of disability, further enriching the discourse on disability theory.

 

Chapter 5 delves into disability policy within the framework of welfare states, shedding light on the pervasive social inequalities experienced by individuals with disabilities. The chapter underscores the institutional discrimination prevalent in various spheres of life, including education, employment, housing, transportation, and leisure. These structural factors contribute to the marginalization and social exclusion of people with disabilities, perpetuating inequality and limiting their participation in society.

 

In Chapter 6, the authors critically analyze disability policies, highlighting the gap between formal political rhetoric and the realities of implementation. Despite efforts to address inequalities and promote deinstitutionalization through community care initiatives, the authors argue that recent policies often fall short in their approach and resource allocation. They critique the underlying ideology of "care," which they view as oppressive and objectifying, and emphasize the limitations of mainstream political discourse in achieving substantive change.

 

The focus shifts to the UK's policy landscape, where there has been a notable emphasis on the concept of independent living. Grassroots organizations have played a pivotal role in challenging paternalistic approaches and advocating for greater autonomy and self-determination for individuals with disabilities. Their activism has influenced mainstream political agendas and garnered attention from international organizations such as the World Bank and the United Nations, signaling a broader recognition of disability rights on the global stage.

 

In Chapter 8, the book explores the representation of disability in culture and media, examining how these narratives shape disability identity. Drawing on a cultural studies approach, the authors analyze iconic works such as the film "The Elephant Man," illustrating the power of media in perpetuating stereotypes and prejudice. They underscore the need for more nuanced representations that challenge existing biases and foster a more inclusive understanding of disability.

The last two chapters of "Exploring Disability" mark significant contributions in this second edition, addressing contemporary debates at the forefront of disability studies. Chapter 9 delves into the complex intersection of the right to life with ethical dilemmas surrounding euthanasia, eugenics, and advancements in biotechnology. Through critical analysis, the chapter exposes the limitations of these debates, which often reinforce the traditional narrative of disability as a personal tragedy, rather than advocating for meaningful political and social change towards a more inclusive society.

 

In contrast, Chapter 10 shifts the focus to a global perspective, examining the experiences of individuals with disabilities in developing countries, where poverty, inequality, and disability intersect within the broader context of capitalist industrialization and globalization. The chapter underscores the importance of grassroots movements and localized policy initiatives, rejecting standardized international interventions in favor of bottom-up approaches. It also emphasizes the emergence of a distinct globalized disability identity and culture.

 

"Exploring Disability" serves as a comprehensive guide to disability theories and approaches. The authors' active involvement in disability organizations and movements lends credibility to the scholarly discourse presented in the book. Their contributions have been instrumental in establishing disability studies as a recognized field of sociological inquiry, particularly within the UK, where they have played pivotal roles in institutions such as the Centre for Disability Studies at the University of Leeds and Disability Press, an independent publishing house dedicated to disability issues.

 

Central to the book is its sociological analysis of disability, which challenges prevailing notions of disability as merely an individual failing or personal tragedy. Instead, the authors advocate for a broader investigation encompassing meso and macro levels of analysis, emphasizing the social construction of disability. While the book offers valuable insights for students and researchers in disability studies, some areas could be further developed, particularly the economic dimensions of disability within the context of economic crises and austerity measures.

 

Moreover, the book predominantly focuses on the identity of people with disabilities without fully engaging with intersectional analyses that explore the interconnectedness of disability with other social categories such as gender, class, and ethnicity. While the British context is extensively examined in comparative historical perspective with experiences in the USA, a more nuanced consideration of disability within a European context would have enriched the narrative, offering insights into diverse approaches to disability policy and activism.

Lennard J Davis' "Enforcing Normalcy: Disability, Deafness and the Body" (Book Note)

 

 

In the preface of the book, Davis recounts a pivotal conversation with a colleague ahead of a disability session they were planning for the Marxist Scholars Conference in New York back in 1994. Reflecting on the noticeable preference for sessions focusing on culturally engaged topics like literature or the body at professional gatherings, Davis's colleague offered a sobering insight: "people don't come to sessions on disability. They think it is a specialized area and only the disabled come." This observation challenged assumptions about disability and underscored a critical point central to Davis's argument: the concept of disability isn't confined to those with impairments; rather, it permeates societal norms and perceptions, regulating the bodies of what are considered 'normal' individuals.

 

Davis elucidates this idea by delineating disability's manifestation through two primary modalities: function and appearance. In the functional realm, disability is often framed as the inability to perform certain tasks—walking, speaking, hearing, seeing, among others. However, Davis astutely notes the continuum of human capabilities and limitations, illustrating that while some deficiencies may not be perceived as disabilities in the conventional sense—such as struggles with mathematical functions—others, like difficulty walking due to a prosthetic limb or a club foot, are unequivocally labeled as disabilities. Thus, the construction of disability rests on the deconstruction of this continuum, highlighting society's tendency to categorize and label individuals based on perceived deviations from the norm.

 

Moreover, Davis delves into the power dynamics inherent in the perception of disability, elucidating how the gaze of the 'normal' population serves to visually define and confine those with disabilities. This gaze, laden with complex emotions ranging from horror to pity, serves not only to observe but also to control and limit the autonomy of disabled individuals, perpetuating societal attitudes and norms that marginalize and exclude. In essence, disability becomes a spectacle, subject to societal scrutiny and judgment, reinforcing entrenched power dynamics and attitudes towards difference.

 

Davis delves deeply into the multifaceted dimensions of disability, meticulously dissecting its manifestations through the lenses of function and appearance. Drawing from the insights of historians Theodore M. Porter and Daniel J. Kevles, Davis embarks on a critical examination of the origins and implications of the functional modality of disability in Chapter Two, aptly titled "Constructing Normalcy." Here, he traces the roots of this modality to the rise of statistical thinking in the nineteenth century, spearheaded by figures like Adolphe Quetelet, whose endeavors to quantify human differences inadvertently privileged the concept of the 'normal man.' This statistical movement, driven by moralizing and normalizing agendas, laid the groundwork for a society where deviations from the norm were stigmatized and marginalized.

 

In Chapter Six, titled "Visualizing the Disabled Body: The Classical Nude and the Fragmented Torso," Davis shifts his focus to the modality of appearance, drawing on examples from psychology and art history to illuminate the ways in which culture shapes perceptions of bodily integrity. He astutely observes that one of culture's primary functions is to cleave consciousness into dichotomous categories of good and bad, necessitating a splitting of the body along this axis to maintain a semblance of wholeness. These divisions, influenced by concrete social forces such as industrial production demands and the commodification of attractiveness, perpetuate societal norms that valorize certain bodily forms while marginalizing others. While Davis predominantly examines physical disabilities, he acknowledges the historical perception of mental illness as a fragmentation of the body's means of communication, reflective of the broader societal fragmentation of modernity.

 

Drawing from personal experience as a child of deaf parents, Davis brings a nuanced understanding to the distinctions between the deaf, the Deaf community, and moments of deafened experiences that punctuate everyday life. He unpacks the historical evolution of perceptions surrounding deafness, tracing its transition from a topic of intense academic debate during the Enlightenment to a cultural icon in the eighteenth century. Additionally, Davis explores the medicalization and professional scrutiny faced by the Deaf as a linguistic minority group during the imperialistic nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, highlighting the intersection of power dynamics and identity formation.

 

In Chapter Four, "Nationalism and Deafness," Davis delves into the eugenic campaigns of figures like Alexander Graham Bell, who sought to prevent the procreation of the deaf, and Franklin Delano Roosevelt's efforts to conceal his physical impairments resulting from polio. These examples underscore the intertwined nature of race, nation, and physical identity, revealing how the 'enabled' body becomes a symbol of national pride and identity. Through meticulous historical analysis and personal insights, Davis navigates the complex terrain of disability, shedding light on its societal construction and the enduring power dynamics that shape perceptions of difference.

Davis provocatively challenges the assumption of 'normality' embedded within the very information systems utilized by critical theorists. While progressive intellectuals have addressed issues like racism, sexism, and class bias, Davis argues that their practices of reading, writing, and thinking remain steeped in assumptions about ability and disability. In Chapter Five, "Deafness and Insight: Disability and Theory," Davis revisits debates from literary criticism, rejecting the false dichotomy between the written and spoken word. Instead, he positions sign language as an intermediary, challenging the historical construction of this dualism and emphasizing the need to recognize the history and geography of the senses.

 

Davis's "Enforcing Normalcy" offers a rich tapestry of insights for researchers and educators in disability studies, seamlessly integrating perspectives from postcolonialism, cultural studies, feminism, and Marxism. The book serves as a vital resource for teachers in gender/women's studies, ethnic/race studies, and multicultural courses, facilitating the inclusion of a mature disability perspective into curricula. While Davis's conjectures, such as the notion of Europe going 'deaf' during the eighteenth century, may await further historical documentation, the book presents a compelling argument for understanding the origins and enduring influence of Western standards of bodily 'normality.' Minor critiques aside, "Enforcing Normalcy" is a recommended read for anyone seeking to unravel the complexities of societal perceptions of disability and the power dynamics that underpin them.

 

 

 

 

 

Dan Goodley's "Disability Studies An Interdisciplinary Introduction" (Book Note)

 

Lennard Davis identifies a significant evolution within disability studies, marking the advent of a second wave that delves deeper into core questions while also asserting new insights into the field's fundamental truths. This wave mirrors a similar progression within the disability rights movement, identified by Paul Longmore as a shift from a focus on rights and access to broader concerns surrounding culture and community. In "Disability Studies: An Interdisciplinary Introduction," Dan Goodley navigates this transition, bridging foundational concepts with contemporary inquiries that shape the interdisciplinary approach to disability studies.

 

Despite its title, "Disability Studies" serves as both an introduction and an expansion of critical concepts, methodologies, and approaches within the discipline. The initial chapters (1-3) lay the groundwork by exploring definitions of disability, including various models, and unpacking debates within the field. Additionally, Goodley illuminates intersections between disability and other axes of identity, such as race, class, gender, and sex. Chapters 4-9 delve into core thematic areas of disability studies, examining society's role, individual experiences, psychological dimensions, discursive formations, cultural representations, and educational paradigms. Each chapter offers a nuanced analysis that enriches our understanding of disability's multifaceted nature.

 

Chapter 10 marks a pivotal shift towards Critical Disability Studies, pushing the boundaries of analysis into new territories. Here, Goodley propels discussions beyond traditional frameworks, exploring emergent themes and pressing issues within the field. While seasoned scholars may find early chapters to be a review of familiar terrain, they nonetheless serve as valuable refreshers for newcomers to the field. Moreover, the later chapters present innovative perspectives and insights that resonate with scholars at all levels of expertise, offering fresh perspectives and avenues for exploration.

Goodley adopts a distinctly global perspective in "Disability Studies: An Interdisciplinary Introduction," setting the stage for a nuanced exploration of disability issues while acknowledging his English base. This global positioning is particularly evident in his attention to Nordic "relational" approaches to disability, which emphasize the positive impact of services and professionals on the lives of disabled individuals. This perspective offers valuable insights often overlooked in North American disability discourse. Furthermore, Goodley's transdisciplinary approach underscores the interconnectedness of disability with various disciplines, spanning sociology, critical psychology, cultural studies, psychoanalysis, and education.

 

Throughout the text, Goodley employs various methods to foster reader engagement and interaction. "Thinking points" interspersed within each chapter serve as prompts for critical reflection, encouraging readers to contemplate important questions, explore practical applications, and draw connections to related issues. While these interruptions may disrupt the flow of reading, they enrich the text by inviting active engagement with the material. Moreover, Goodley's incorporation of web-based search suggestions encourages readers to venture beyond the text and explore real-world applications through technology, enhancing the reading experience and facilitating deeper understanding.

 

Tables are another effective tool utilized by Goodley to summarize key concepts and organize complex information for readers. These tables serve as valuable visual aids, offering clear delineations of important issues and facilitating comprehension. However, in instances where tables contrast approaches to disability as minority politics versus disability as social barriers, readers may benefit from further exploration of connections and overlaps between these models, enhancing their understanding of the broader landscape of disability discourse.

Chapters 4-9 delve into what Goodley terms "core analyses" of disability studies, focusing on the interplay of psyche, culture, and society. Goodley defines the "psyche" as the intricate entanglement of individuals within the social fabric, underscoring the inseparable connection between the self and the broader societal context. This framework provides a cohesive structure for the diverse range of topics covered in these chapters, each of which explores sociology, psychology, critical psychology, poststructuralism, psychoanalysis, and education in turn.

 

Of particular significance within these middle chapters is the exploration of psychology and its implications for the psychologization of disabled individuals—an area that Goodley argues has been underexplored and under-theorized in disability studies. While acknowledging the need for skepticism when approaching psychoanalytic perspectives, Goodley ventures into Lacanian possibilities within disability studies. He acknowledges the speculative and underdeveloped nature of these inquiries but suggests their potential in making sense of organizational prejudice and discrimination against disabled individuals. However, the text could benefit from more specific examples or applications to ground these discussions and provide practical insights into the intersection of psychologization and psychoanalysis with disability studies.

 

In the final two chapters, Goodley ventures into new territory at the intersection of disability studies and its transdisciplinary connections. By exploring an inclusive approach to disability in education, he highlights the convergence of disability studies and social justice, particularly within the realm of inclusive education. Critiquing neoliberal educational approaches and their detrimental effects on students with disabilities, Goodley proposes insights from critical pedagogy studies as a potential remedy. Drawing on Paulo Freire's concept of conscientization, he envisions a critical pedagogy of liberation that advocates for changes in school culture, broadening of curricula, and revision of the student-teacher partnership.

 

Goodley's final chapter in "Disability Studies: An Interdisciplinary Introduction" delves into critical disability studies, weaving together key themes explored throughout the book while envisioning avenues for future inquiry. Central to his analysis is the application of Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri's concept of Empire to disability contexts. Goodley elucidates Empire's promotion of a specific psychology and self-image—one characterized by traits like health, rationality, autonomy, and economic viability. Yet, for those who don't conform, Empire offers solutions aimed at "fixing" them. Understanding how Empire shapes perceptions of disability is crucial for resistance, according to Goodley.

 

Moreover, Goodley identifies potential sites of resistance in posthuman figures like cyborgs and hybrids. While these concepts have been explored within feminist studies, their application within disability studies remains largely untapped. Despite the historical trend of disability technology focusing on normalization and cure, Goodley advocates for exploring how technology can be harnessed to empower individuals with disabilities and facilitate resistance against oppressive systems. Through this exploration, Goodley prompts readers to reconsider the relationship between technology and disability, envisioning new possibilities for empowerment and liberation.

 

Tom Shakespeare's "Disability Rights Disability Wrongs" (Book Note)

 

Tom Shakespeare, a prominent figure in disability studies, is known for his controversial stance, largely due to his engagement with disciplines outside the field, such as genetics and bioethics. His involvement in these areas has drawn criticism from some quarters of disability studies, which often view genetics and bioethics as inherently antagonistic to disability rights. In his latest work, Shakespeare continues to challenge the status quo, dividing the book into three parts that cover a range of topics.

 

The first part offers a detailed critique of the social model of disability, a cornerstone of disability studies. This model posits that disability arises from societal barriers rather than inherent individual traits. Shakespeare presents alternative perspectives on how disability can be best understood, offering constructive proposals for reconceptualizing disability.

 

The second part delves into bioethical issues related to disability, including prenatal diagnosis, potential "cures" for disability, and questions surrounding autonomy at the end of life. This section is likely to be of particular interest to readers familiar with bioethics, as Shakespeare navigates complex ethical dilemmas surrounding disability.

 

In the final part, Shakespeare explores themes such as care, charity, intimacy, and the role of non-disabled individuals in the world of disability. These discussions shed light on the multifaceted nature of disability and the complex dynamics that shape interactions within disabled communities and between disabled and non-disabled individuals.

 

Shakespeare challenges the dominant perspective of the social model of disability, arguing that it redirects attention away from the bodily experiences of disabled individuals. He contends that while the social model rightly highlights societal barriers, it tends to overlook the significance of impairment in the lives of disabled people. Shakespeare asserts that the focus on social barriers can inadvertently lead to a neglect of individuals' bodily experiences, perpetuating a gaze fixated solely on the external environment.

 

Shakespeare argues that subscribing to the social model can create a gap in knowledge about the experiences of impairment, as it steers research away from understanding the lived realities of disabled individuals. By solely emphasizing social barriers, the model may inadvertently sideline the bodily experiences of disability, limiting our understanding of the multifaceted nature of disability. Shakespeare cautions against dismissing the importance of individuals' bodily experiences, stressing that acknowledging impairment does not equate to medicalizing disability. Instead, he advocates for a balanced approach that recognizes the significance of both social barriers and bodily experiences in shaping the lives of disabled people.

 

Moreover, Shakespeare highlights the limitations of the social model, particularly in its applicability to certain types of disabilities. While the model may resonate with some physical disabilities, it may inadequately address the complexities of other disabilities, such as severe learning disabilities or autism. Individuals with these disabilities may face inherent challenges in participating in community life, regardless of changes to the social environment. Shakespeare emphasizes the importance of recognizing the diverse experiences of disability and the need for tailored interventions that address both social barriers and individual impairments.

 

By acknowledging the limitations of the social model, Shakespeare advocates for a more nuanced understanding of disability that encompasses both social and individual dimensions. He emphasizes the importance of recognizing the bodily experiences of impairment while simultaneously advocating for the removal of societal barriers. Shakespeare's argument underscores the need for a holistic approach to disability that acknowledges the multifaceted nature of disability experiences and embraces diverse perspectives within the field. Through his critique, Shakespeare encourages scholars and practitioners to adopt a more inclusive and comprehensive framework for understanding and addressing disability.

 

 

In part two of his book, Tom Shakespeare critiques the impact of the social model on responses to bioethical issues within disability studies. He argues that the social model's emphasis on societal barriers can lead to dismissive attitudes towards medical interventions, particularly in the context of seeking a cure for disability. According to the social model, disabilities are primarily caused by environmental factors, rendering medical cures irrelevant or even offensive to some members of disability rights groups.

 

Shakespeare illustrates this point by referencing negative reactions towards Christopher Reeve's expressed desire to walk again and seek a cure for his paralysis. The social model's perspective may lead to skepticism or hostility towards individuals seeking medical interventions, viewing such aspirations as undermining the broader goals of disability rights advocacy.

 

Similarly, Shakespeare challenges the simplistic narrative often employed in discussions of autonomy at the end of life. While the social model may attribute desires for assisted suicide to societal discrimination and lack of support, Shakespeare suggests that this perspective oversimplifies complex ethical dilemmas. He emphasizes the importance of respecting individuals' autonomy and ensuring that their wishes are thoroughly considered and honored, regardless of whether they choose assisted suicide or not.

 

By highlighting these examples, Shakespeare underscores the need for a more nuanced approach to bioethical issues within disability studies. Rather than rigidly adhering to the social model's framework, he advocates for a broader consideration of individual experiences and preferences, particularly in sensitive matters such as end-of-life decisions. This nuanced perspective allows for greater respect for the autonomy and dignity of disabled individuals, ensuring that their voices and choices are valued and respected.

 

 

 

In the final part of the book, Tom Shakespeare shifts focus to practical themes central to disability studies and the daily lives of disabled individuals. These include charity, care, intimacy, and the involvement of non-disabled individuals in the realm of disability. Here, Shakespeare continues to critique the social model, highlighting its negative impact on these aspects of disability.

 

One example Shakespeare explores is the rejection of charity as a response to disability, motivated by the social model's emphasis on societal barriers. He acknowledges the historical context, noting that many charitable organizations historically patronized and excluded disabled individuals, perpetuating hostility towards them. However, Shakespeare also presents a more nuanced view, suggesting that charity could play a positive role in supporting disabled individuals if approached in a more sympathetic and inclusive manner.

 

Additionally, Shakespeare advocates for consideration of an ethic of care as a counterbalance to the overemphasis on rights-based approaches within disability studies. He argues that focusing solely on rights may overlook the importance of caring relationships and support networks in the lives of disabled individuals. By highlighting the significance of care, Shakespeare encourages a broader understanding of disability that encompasses both rights and interpersonal relationships.

 

Shakespeare's exploration of these practical themes underscores the complexity of disability experiences and the need for a multifaceted approach to disability studies. By challenging the limitations of the social model and advocating for a more inclusive perspective, Shakespeare invites readers to reconsider traditional assumptions and engage with the diverse realities of disability. Through his examination of charity, care, and intimacy, Shakespeare offers valuable insights into the ways in which disability is understood and addressed in society, ultimately contributing to a more holistic understanding of disability studies.

 

 

 

 

Moshe Barasch' "Blindness: The History of a Mental Image in Western Thought" (Book Note)

 

In his work "Blindness: The History of a Mental Image in Western Thought," Moshe Barasch surveys Western art spanning antiquity through the Renaissance, providing a comprehensive overview of depictions of both blind individuals and those without sight. Barasch meticulously interprets these representations in the context of literature, religious beliefs, and social history to illuminate attitudes toward blindness across different historical periods. While the book serves as a valuable compendium, presenting information not found in any other single volume, it occupies a space between a popular treatment and a scholarly work, potentially leaving academic readers somewhat frustrated. Additionally, scholars in disability studies may be disappointed as the book does not engage with disability theory.

 

Barasch, a distinguished art historian, leverages his extensive knowledge in this exploration. He references a multitude of visual representations and textual sources, spanning from ancient drama to Diderot's "Lettre Sur les Aveugles" (Letter about the Blind). The book is structured around chapters focusing on antiquity, the early Christian period, the Middle Ages, and the Renaissance, providing insights into the social and cultural dynamics shaping perceptions of blindness in each era. The final chapter diverges from art history to discuss Diderot's Enlightenment treatise on blindness, a pivotal moment in reshaping understanding and humanizing blind individuals.

 

The analysis of classical and early Christian periods stands out as particularly interesting and persuasive. Barasch highlights the ambiguities in attitudes toward blindness during these eras, such as the Greek belief that blindness could result from encountering a deity, signifying both punishment and divine knowledge. In the early Christian world, biblical episodes like Jesus healing the blind and Paul's temporary blindness during conversion are explored in relation to prevailing Jewish beliefs.

 

However, the Middle Ages section encounters shortcomings in argumentation. Barasch introduces a little-known convention regarding the Antichrist's asymmetrical eyes, claiming a connection to blindness despite acknowledging the absence of explicit textual support. The discussion then shifts to allegorical blindness, notably the blindfolded Synagoga representing Judaism. This interpretation may raise concerns among scholars in disability studies, as Barasch repeatedly refers to these figures as "blind" while acknowledging the symbolic nature of the blindfold.

 

Inconsistencies emerge in associating blindfolds with actual blindness, especially in the case of Synagoga, where Christian theology posited her temporary unwillingness to "see" Jesus's divinity until the Second Coming. Barasch's exploration of stereotypical representations of blind beggars in literature is more grounded, but reliance on Pieter Breughel's painting, created in the Renaissance, to exemplify medieval traditions may weaken the argument.

 

The Renaissance, according to Barasch, saw a continuation of earlier conventions related to blindness, with a revisiting of stereotypes like the blind beggar and the blind seer. The final chapter on Diderot explores how Enlightenment thinking impacted the understanding of blindness. While the book provides a valuable resource, its position between a popular and scholarly work, coupled with occasional inconsistencies, may pose challenges for some readers.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Leonard J Davis' "Bending over Backwards: Disability, Dismodernism & Other Difficult Positions" (Book Note)

 

"Bending over Backwards: Disability, Dismodernism, and Other Difficult Positions" comprises nine distinct essays, providing a comprehensive exploration of the author-activist's evolving thoughts on disability, disability studies, and literary historical criticism. The collection spans diverse topics, including the human genome project, ADA court cases, concepts of citizenship, the history of the novel, homosexuality, postmodernist theory, the rise of Disability Studies, and more. As part of NYU's Cultural Fronts series, which aims to highlight works of cultural criticism with policy implications, the book is not exclusively intended for historians but offers creative and challenging insights that can benefit the field, particularly disability historians.

 

Central to Davis's argument is the transformative potential of disability as a category of identity, challenging postmodern notions of identity. Rooted in his earlier works, such as "Enforcing Normalcy" and "The Disability Studies Reader," Davis delves into the social, scientific, and linguistic processes shaping the meaning of "disability." His personal reflections in works like "Shall I Say a Kiss" and "My Sense of Silence" provide poignant images of living as/with Deaf individuals, combining theoretical frameworks from Jacques Lacan and Michel Foucau with personal narratives.

 

While the book primarily compiles previously published pieces, reflecting Davis's internal dialogues since their release, it highlights a substantial evolution in understanding. Davis emphasizes the omnipresence of disability, urging scholars to consider its potential for reshaping academic and practical definitions of identity and status.

 

Several chapters revisit arguments from Davis's earlier works, notably the assertion that the nineteenth century marked a shift from ideals to norms, exemplified by the rise of eugenics. The book extends these ideas, linking disability to legal systems, American politics, the environment, technology, and the economy. Davis introduces "dismodernism" as an alternative to identity politics and social constructionism, proposing that disability transcends and supplants traditional postmodernist classifiers of race, class, and gender. Davis contends that disability's fluidity as a category allows Disability Studies to offer a broad critique of contemporary systems of oppression.

 

The introduction, "People with Disability: They Are You," goes beyond typical disability theory scholarship, asserting that disability directly and indirectly influences everyone. Davis advocates for a broader civil rights mandate through dismodernism, aligning protections across all classes. He contends that impairment is the rule, normalcy is a fantasy, and universal design should guide social and political structures.

 

Chapters of particular interest to disability historians include "The End of Identity Politics and the Beginning of Dismodernism," which explores parallels between historical expressions of minority identities, and "Bending over Backwards," providing a detailed analysis of the Americans with Disabilities Act and specific ADA court cases. The latter chapter delves into legal texts, emphasizing the framing of cultural norms within documents and judicial decisions.

 

Davis's attention to economic factors compounding disability experiences is appreciated, shedding light on the intricate ties between class circumstances and disability. Examples illustrate the prevalence of genetic testing in affluent societies and the socioeconomic challenges faced by people with disabilities.

 

 

 

 

 

Katherin Ott et. al (eds), "Artificial Parts, Practical Lives: Modern Histories of Prosthetics" (Book Note)

 

"Artificial Parts, Practical Lives" presents twelve essays by different authors, offering diverse perspectives on the replacement of body parts, artificial restorations, and the augmentation of human function. Despite the essays' divergence in topic and tone, the compilation aims to stimulate research and critical inquiry, according to Katherine Ott, one of the editors and essay authors. The book covers various aspects, including the human genome project, ADA court cases, concepts of citizenship, the history of the novel, homosexuality, postmodernist theory, and the rise of Disability Studies.

 

The cover features a captivating photograph of two individuals shaking artificial hands, sparking curiosity about the mechanical limbs. However, the book disappoints by not delving into details about the prostheses shown on the cover or the lives of the individuals using them. Some photos within the book also pique interest in prosthetics, but the accompanying text often lacks sufficient information about the function and integration of these devices with the users.

 

Katherine Ott's introduction, "The Sum of Its Parts," and David Serlin's opening essay may unsettle knowledgeable readers with inaccuracies and misinterpretations. Ott's statements about myoelectric limbs and the origin of the term "torque" are based on outdated information, eroding confidence in the collected material and raising questions about editing. Serlin's essay contains notable mistakes, such as mischaracterizing Harold Russell's limb loss and inaccurately describing Jimmy Wilson's condition. These inaccuracies, while not crucial to the book's content, cast a shadow on the reliability of the information.

 

Serlin's essay, "Engineering Masculinity," explores the psychological toll of limb loss and the link between engineering prosthetics and male identity. The lack of technical details about a remarkable prosthesis shown in a photograph weakens the essay's impact. The missed opportunity to connect essays and the absence of strong communication links between essayists and technical or medical consultants are evident.

 

Ott's detailed article on the history of artificial eyes stands out positively, offering engaging insights. However, the introduction's cultural, social, political, and gender overlays may challenge general readers' comprehension. Ott's contributions vary significantly between the introduction and her essay, showcasing inconsistencies in style and tone.

 

Only three essays closely address modern histories of prosthetics, focusing on breast prostheses, artificial eyes, and endoprostheses for joint replacement. Half of the essays use prosthetics as a departure point to explore related topics, covering a wide range of subjects, from Benjamin Franklin's inventions to Confederate veterans' struggles and cosmetic prostheses.

 

Heather Perry's essay on prosthetics in Germany after World War I stands out for its original scholarship, providing insights into the influence of German practitioners on prosthetics worldwide.